Tools to Verify File Integrity Using MD5 and SHA1 Hashes

When you download a file from the internet, quite often you cannot be 100% guaranteed that the file has not been changed in some way from the original. This could either be by the site you are downloading from, corruption due to errors in the download process, an individual who has uploaded the file for you, or possibly the most dangerous, the file has been infected by malicious software.

One of the ways you can identify whether a file has been changed from its original state is to check its digital signature. Or you can verify a file’s integrity by checking its hash value. Every file has unique data contained within it, and when you apply a certain algorithm called a “cryptographic hash function” to it, a string value is returned which is only valid for that file in its current state.

If even one byte in the file changes, the value given when the check is run again will be different. A couple of popular hash algorithms are MD5 and SHA-1 and you will sometimes see these values listed on website download pages. A prime example is ISO images for operating systems like Linux and Windows. All the official Windows ISO images will have an SHA-1 hash listed somewhere online which you can then compare against to see if the one you downloaded is identical to the original.
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Networking Basics: What is Route Redistribution

What is Route Redistribution?
The Quick Definition: Route redistribution is a process that allows a network to use a routing protocol to dynamically route traffic based on information learned from a different routing protocol. Route redistribution helps increase accessibility within networks.

What is Routing?
Routing consists of more than sending packets from one network location to another. The routing process also includes learning routes and determining the most efficient ways to handle network traffic.

Routers are configured in several ways that enable them to learn a route. The simplest method is to manually configure static routes. A static route tells the router exactly where to send packets. For example,  a static route tells Router 1 to route packets to Router 2, and then Router 2 is manually configured to send packets to Router 3.

The issue with static routes is that many routes change configurations — and the patch from one router to another often changes as a network grows. You can have thousands of different routes, and if one changes, you could be left manually configuring several routers. This can be a time-consuming process, especially when it comes to larger networks.

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Upgrade DHCP Along With Windows Server Upgrades

Windows Server upgrades are never simple. There are lots of connections and dependencies, and everything needs to be handled correctly to avoid introducing problems that turn an upgrade into a nightmare. With upcoming Windows end of life dates in mind, let’s take a look at one of the services you need to upgrade: DHCP.

DHCP Defined
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. All devices on a network need an IP address to access the network and services; DHCP makes managing those addresses automatic. This eliminates manual effort that would be required to assign address, modify them when a device is moved to another subnet, and reclaim them when devices are removed. Along with eliminating the manual work, DHCP eliminates the inevitable configuration errors when addresses are managed manually, such as two computers being assigned the same address.

Using DHCP requires a server that owns the pool of addresses and assigns (“leases”) an address to clients on the network.

Upcoming Windows Server End of Life Dates
Understanding how to upgrade DHCP is particularly important if you’re running Windows 2008 or Windows 2007; the end of support date for both is January 2020. That means Microsoft will no longer provide security updates for that version after that date, so not upgrading exposes you to ongoing, increasing security risks.

Which version should you use?
Although extended support for Windows 10 is available until late 2025, mainstream support ends late 2020, so it’s worth beginning to think about upgrading that version now, rather than making it your new target. Similarly, Windows Server 2012 is already in extended support, so it’s not a good choice for your new version. read more : windows 7 hash

Connecting With Customers Requires Protecting Their Data

ustomer data never used to be a priority for technology firms. While companies collected basic customer data, there was no input after the products, devices, or software were sold. The cloud and the internet of things has changed that. Now technology firms and customers are constantly connected. Devices have access to people’s homes and their intimate moments. Protecting the information technology firms now hold is critical to retaining customer trust.

While the public is becoming more aware of data collection and potential privacy risks, that doesn’t mean they’re becoming comfortable with it. In fact, it’s the opposite; new regulations like the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act give individuals specific rights regarding how their data is used. Major data breaches like the Equifax incident a few years ago have led to Congressional investigations into how firms handle customer data.

Be Smart About User Data Management

To get ahead of the bad press and changing expectations, technology industry businesses need to have strong processes in place to protect customer data. To a large extent, the first step is being upfront about the data you collect and what you do about it. Build pages that clearly explain the data collected and allow users to opt in or opt out explicitly. Don’t request more access than your software or device needs to perform its basic functions. Even when the law allows it, don’t sell data to third parties without your users’ permission.

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Information Security and Business Continuity Both Protect Your Business

Cybersecurity and business continuity are usually handled by two teams that don’t talk to each other very much. The security team is driven by technology, driven by concerns about the technology that creates risks and the technology that provides protection. The business continuity team is driven by non-technical business issues.

Except the two teams really should be talking to each other. Business continuity isn’t just about recovering from natural disasters. Manmade disasters, like a cyberattack, can also lead to a need to invoke your business continuity and disaster recovery plans. It’s important to make sure cybersecurity is part of your thinking about how to avoid disaster and how to recover from disaster.

Any cybersecurity threat that results in exposure of data also exposes the company to a significant reputational risk that threatens the company’s ongoing operations. Because many businesses suffer repeated attempts at hacking, cybersecurity risks may in fact be a bigger threat to the business than events like a 100-year flood.

This means that your business continuity and information security teams need to be able to collaborate in response to a data breach or other cybersecurity incident.

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Disadvantages of Computer Networking

Disadvantages of Network:

These are main disadvantages of Computer Networks:

1.It lacks robustness –

If a PC system’s principle server separates, the whole framework would end up futile. Also, if it has a bridging device or a central linking server that fails, the entire network would also come to a standstill. To manage these issues, gigantic systems ought to have a ground-breaking PC to fill in as document server to influence setting to up and keeping up the system less demanding.

2.It lacks independence –

PC organizing includes a procedure that is worked utilizing PCs, so individuals will depend a greater amount of PC work, rather than applying an exertion for their jobs that needs to be done. Beside this, they will be subject to the primary document server, which implies that, in the event that it separates, the framework would end up futile, making clients inactive.

3.Virus and Malware –

On the off chance that even one PC on a system gets contaminated with an infection, there is a possibility for alternate frameworks to get tainted as well. Infections can spread on a system effectively, in view of the between availability of different gadgets

4. Lack of IndependenceCost of network –

The expense of executing the system including cabling and equipment can be expensive.

PC systems administration will dependably be a quick and advantageous methods for exchanging and sharing data, yet individuals ought to know about its outcomes too.

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